Identities: Applying Feminism factsheet
1) Briefly list or describe the different waves of feminism.
First Wave: Early 20th century, suffragette movement (right to vote)
Second Wave: 1960s - 1990s, reproductive rights (pill), abortion, equal pay
Third Wave: 1990s - present, empowerment, reclaiming of feminity (high heels, sexuality etc. See Angela McRobbie's work on women's magazines).
Fourth Wave: 2010 - ongoing, use of new technology and digital media (e.g. Twitter) for activism.
2) The factsheet doesn't mention a fourth wave of feminism. Do you think we are currently in a fourth wave of feminism due to digital media?
- In my perspectives, I feel that it is very clear that within the modern and present society, feminism is required heavily as the men are still in control. This is due to the fact that women are still downgraded and belittled. Not many opportunities are given to females in the business world in comparison to males where they are more favoured over men. Essentially, I believe that we are currently in a fourth wave due to digital media as the projects and online campaigns on social media platforms such as Twitter has led to many voices of females to be heard. Especially, the #Metoo campaign in which many of the female victims of the sexual harassment and assault by Harvey Weinstein, spoke out online.
3) List the five different types of feminism with a one-sentence definition for each.
Radical Feminism: Cause of Women's oppression as men; men deliberately exploit women in order to benefit them. main aims of this theory is to address concerns over violence against women (sexual relationships).
Liberal feminism: Mainly concerned with gender socialisation in order to show that gender roles are not biologically determined. The main aim of this type of feminism is to change the ways children are socialised into stereotypical gender roles and to attempt to change social policy to improve the position of women within the family.
Marxist-Feminism: Looks at women's oppression in relation to capitalism and the class system. One of the aims of this type of feminism is to look at the role of domestic labour within capitalism, namely that women work in the home for "free", and the role women play in producing the next generation of the labour force.
Black Feminism: Primarily concerned with black and Asian Women's experiences of oppression and exploitation. It combines ideas about capitalism, patriarchy and anti-racism.
Postmodern Feminism: Associated with third wave feminists. It acknowledges the diversity amongst women and encourages individual women to find feminist ideas that combine with their own experiences of life to create a brand of feminism suitable for them.
4) Summarise Laura Mulvey's analysis of Hollywood film.
- Laura Mulvey argues that Hollywood objectifies all women and constructs their characters to be ones that are only there for men to look at. This links to Mulvey's male gaze theory of how women are on screen to be seen as being inferior and submissive to men which is highlighted by the lack of high and important roles that women appear in Hollywood films. Even though this is changing, it still won't become the norm for the next few generations as males still dominate in the Hollywood industry and there aren't many hints to a drastic change soon. Essentially, Hollywood films objectify females through the camera shots of women which is the perspectives of heterosexual male audiences which classes them as sexual objects.
5) What does Jean Kilbourne argue regarding advertising and the impact on women?
- Jean Kilbourne argues that advertisements have many negative impacts on women through her analysis of the portrayal of females in the documentary Killing Us Softly. Much of what Kilbourne discusses in the Killing Us Softlu documentaries is the notion that advertising is selling more than products; it is also selling ideas of what it is to be "normal" in our society.
6) Summarise Naomi Wolf's theory of 'The Beauty Myth'.
- The theory of "The Beauty Myth", Wolf claims that the notion of "beauty" is entirely socially constructed. By this, she means that men in a given society create rules of what is considered beautoful in women but this alters from culture to culture.
7) List the texts discussed in the section 'feminism and music videos'. Do you believe that the representation of women in music videos can have an impact on how people behave in real life?
8) To conclude feminism, do you believe than men and women are basically equal now or is there still a need for feminist movements?
-I believe that women and men are not equal at all. The reason why is through the representation of females in films suggesting the lack of opportunities for females in the real world, in the business industry. Also, many people are callous about feminism movements.
First Wave: Early 20th century, suffragette movement (right to vote)
Second Wave: 1960s - 1990s, reproductive rights (pill), abortion, equal pay
Third Wave: 1990s - present, empowerment, reclaiming of feminity (high heels, sexuality etc. See Angela McRobbie's work on women's magazines).
Fourth Wave: 2010 - ongoing, use of new technology and digital media (e.g. Twitter) for activism.
2) The factsheet doesn't mention a fourth wave of feminism. Do you think we are currently in a fourth wave of feminism due to digital media?
- In my perspectives, I feel that it is very clear that within the modern and present society, feminism is required heavily as the men are still in control. This is due to the fact that women are still downgraded and belittled. Not many opportunities are given to females in the business world in comparison to males where they are more favoured over men. Essentially, I believe that we are currently in a fourth wave due to digital media as the projects and online campaigns on social media platforms such as Twitter has led to many voices of females to be heard. Especially, the #Metoo campaign in which many of the female victims of the sexual harassment and assault by Harvey Weinstein, spoke out online.
3) List the five different types of feminism with a one-sentence definition for each.
Radical Feminism: Cause of Women's oppression as men; men deliberately exploit women in order to benefit them. main aims of this theory is to address concerns over violence against women (sexual relationships).
Liberal feminism: Mainly concerned with gender socialisation in order to show that gender roles are not biologically determined. The main aim of this type of feminism is to change the ways children are socialised into stereotypical gender roles and to attempt to change social policy to improve the position of women within the family.
Marxist-Feminism: Looks at women's oppression in relation to capitalism and the class system. One of the aims of this type of feminism is to look at the role of domestic labour within capitalism, namely that women work in the home for "free", and the role women play in producing the next generation of the labour force.
Black Feminism: Primarily concerned with black and Asian Women's experiences of oppression and exploitation. It combines ideas about capitalism, patriarchy and anti-racism.
Postmodern Feminism: Associated with third wave feminists. It acknowledges the diversity amongst women and encourages individual women to find feminist ideas that combine with their own experiences of life to create a brand of feminism suitable for them.
4) Summarise Laura Mulvey's analysis of Hollywood film.
- Laura Mulvey argues that Hollywood objectifies all women and constructs their characters to be ones that are only there for men to look at. This links to Mulvey's male gaze theory of how women are on screen to be seen as being inferior and submissive to men which is highlighted by the lack of high and important roles that women appear in Hollywood films. Even though this is changing, it still won't become the norm for the next few generations as males still dominate in the Hollywood industry and there aren't many hints to a drastic change soon. Essentially, Hollywood films objectify females through the camera shots of women which is the perspectives of heterosexual male audiences which classes them as sexual objects.
5) What does Jean Kilbourne argue regarding advertising and the impact on women?
- Jean Kilbourne argues that advertisements have many negative impacts on women through her analysis of the portrayal of females in the documentary Killing Us Softly. Much of what Kilbourne discusses in the Killing Us Softlu documentaries is the notion that advertising is selling more than products; it is also selling ideas of what it is to be "normal" in our society.
6) Summarise Naomi Wolf's theory of 'The Beauty Myth'.
- The theory of "The Beauty Myth", Wolf claims that the notion of "beauty" is entirely socially constructed. By this, she means that men in a given society create rules of what is considered beautoful in women but this alters from culture to culture.
7) List the texts discussed in the section 'feminism and music videos'. Do you believe that the representation of women in music videos can have an impact on how people behave in real life?
- Tip Drill
- Beyonce's Who Runs the World
I beliece that the representation of women in music videos especially, in Beyonce's Who runs the world can have an impact on people's behaviour in the sense that with the male consumers, they'll see women as sexual objects when consuming the text which can influence them to act a certain way around women in reality.
8) To conclude feminism, do you believe than men and women are basically equal now or is there still a need for feminist movements?
-I believe that women and men are not equal at all. The reason why is through the representation of females in films suggesting the lack of opportunities for females in the real world, in the business industry. Also, many people are callous about feminism movements.
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