NDM: News: News values
Galtung and Ruge (1981) defined a set of news values to explain how journalists and editors decided that certain stories and photographs were accepted as newsworthy, while others were not.
Immediacy: has it happened recently?
Familiarity: is it culturally close to us in Britain?
Amplitude: is it a big event or one which involves large numbers of people?
Frequency: does the event happen fairly regularly?
Unambiguity: is it clear and definite?
Predictability: did we expect it to happen?
Surprise: is it a rare or unexpected event?
Continuity: has this story already been defined as news?
Elite nations and people: which country has the event happened in? Does the story concern well-known people?
Negativity: is it bad news?
Balance: the story may be selected to balance other news, such as a human survival story to balance a number of stories concerning death.
1) Read Media Factsheet 76: News Values and complete the following questions/tasks.
Our Media Factsheet archive is on the Media Shared drive: M:\Resources\A Level\Media Factsheets
3) What example news story does the Factsheet use to illustrate Galtung and Ruge's News Values? Why is it an appropriate example of a news story likely to gain prominent coverage?
Within the factsheet, it talks about the British soldier being killed and it compares this to another country which is Afghanistan in terms of geographical. Here in the UK, we are more interested in stories that are near us. An example would be that if there was to be a disaster in a country in Asia, the people in the UK wouldn't really take notice of it as much as it is very far away from us.
4) What is gatekeeping?
Through this, information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication. In other words, gatekeepers, decide what information to include and what not to include. They essentially prevent news stories that contain false information or haven't even happened yet to be released.
5) What are the six ways bias can be created in news?
Bias through selection and ommision: Bias can be created in news through the editor's actions. An editor can choose what to put specifically of the story which he may ignore other information's and details which can lead to the viewers having a different opinion on the events of reported.
Bias through placement: Another way bias can be created in news is the placement of the news. The placement of where the story is on the news is thought to place the viewer's mind of what story is more important. The stories in the front is thought to be more important than the stories placed at the back. If a story is in the front of the newspaper, it draws the attention of the readers.
Bias by headline: Bias can also be created through the impact of the headlines. A headline is always bold and in big letters and sometimes, headlines can attract more viewers due to the fact that it might be misleading through "click-baiting". The headline could say that the story is dramatic and infuriating when it really isn't.
Bias by photos, captions, and camera angles: Another way bias can be created in news is through the use of pictures. Pictures can either be good, bad or silly which leads to the viewers having different opinions and perceptions of the whole story.
Bias through use of names and titles: News media often use labels and names to describe a person, events or locations. This can lead to more viewers being lured in to consume it.
Bias by choice of words: The viewers can have different opinions and perceptions on the events and the news through the use of words. They can be positive or negative.
6) How have online sources such as Twitter, bloggers or Wikileaks changed the way news is selected and published?
The reporting of news in the media has changed significantly due to the developments of the New digital media. The social sites such as Twitter isn't regulated as well which leads to citizen journalism taking in hand. Evidence that contain censoring images wouldn't be on traditional media but on social sites, it essentially gives them access to contents that would be censored on traditional media.
7) Give an example of a news story from the last WEEK that was reported as a result of online technology - Twitter, Wikileaks or similar.
The leak of the paradise papers in which celebrities hide their income in order to avoid tax.
8) Complete the task on the last page of the Factsheet regarding Sky News and Twitter:
What does this reveal about how Sky views Twitter as a news source?
The factsheet reveals that the Sky News views Twitter as a social media platform that is important in terms of immediacy as the news break out fast on the platform meaning the consumers consume the news faster and quickly.
What does it say about how news is being produced?
The factsheet clarifies about how news is being produced through the rise of citizen journalism and how it will continue to impact the news importantly in the future. The world of news is developing and the importance of citizen journalism is becoming more favoured.
What role does the audience have in this process?
The role that the audiences have in this process is that they are able to quickly comment on the news stories and they can offer their own viewpoints almost "instantaneously". This essentially shows how the audiences are becoming more important in the news industry which is an evidence of the rise of citizen journalism.
Why might this be a problem for journalistic standards?
This might be a problem for journalistic standards as the rise of citizen journalism almost allows anyone to report on news and the consumers now turn their heads on more of the raw and realistic contents rather than traditional media. The rise of social media platforms also is a problem for journalistic standards as the consumers are given either real or fake news on those platforms which they consume without knowing it could be biased and fake.
Final tasks
9) In your opinion, how has new and digital media technology changed Galtung and Ruge’s news values?
Personally new and digital media technology has slightly changed Galtung and Ruge's news values concerning things like immediacy which now have an importance in news than they might have had in the past, readers will want to get their news as quickly as they can possibly in the same half hour of it happening and new technology has allowed this to take place.
10) How would you update them for 2016? Choose SIX of Galtung and Ruge's news values and say how each one has been affected by the growth of new and digital technology.
Immediacy: In the modern world, the news stories are almost "instantaneously" published once a story has been broken down. The rise of citizen journalism, media and journalism is what makes the news almost so immediate that the general public receive it almost instantaneously.
Unambiguity: Due to the developments in the New digital media, it can be argued that it leads to more unambiguity due to the nature of how the content is generated. Some stories that gain attraction and consumers are not always true and good content.
Surprise: The NDM now makes the news more shocking in terms of how quickly we just receive it. The example of Harvey Weisntein scandal supports it as the general public eventually got the news out of nowhere - it was almost unexpected.
Continuity: Continuity depends on the story being either massive or little. The social media platforms are the platforms that almost keep the massive stories apparent.
Elite nations: content of this type will likely be more prominent to these social media sites due to geographical prominence.
Negativity: Within the news industry, the negativity factor always exist that some of the news that is exposed to the public are not always true.
Immediacy: has it happened recently?
Familiarity: is it culturally close to us in Britain?
Amplitude: is it a big event or one which involves large numbers of people?
Frequency: does the event happen fairly regularly?
Unambiguity: is it clear and definite?
Predictability: did we expect it to happen?
Surprise: is it a rare or unexpected event?
Continuity: has this story already been defined as news?
Elite nations and people: which country has the event happened in? Does the story concern well-known people?
Negativity: is it bad news?
Balance: the story may be selected to balance other news, such as a human survival story to balance a number of stories concerning death.
1) Read Media Factsheet 76: News Values and complete the following questions/tasks.
Our Media Factsheet archive is on the Media Shared drive: M:\Resources\A Level\Media Factsheets
2) Come up with a news story from the last 12 months for each of the categories suggested by Harriss, Leiter and Johnson:
- Conflict - Jameel Mukhtar and Reshan Khan Acid attack in Beckton
- Progress - The development of Apple to Iphone X
- Disaster - Floods in Texas
- Consequence - Harvey Weinstein Scandal
- Prominence - Donald Trump in Office
- Novelty - Annual adverts of John Lewis
3) What example news story does the Factsheet use to illustrate Galtung and Ruge's News Values? Why is it an appropriate example of a news story likely to gain prominent coverage?
Within the factsheet, it talks about the British soldier being killed and it compares this to another country which is Afghanistan in terms of geographical. Here in the UK, we are more interested in stories that are near us. An example would be that if there was to be a disaster in a country in Asia, the people in the UK wouldn't really take notice of it as much as it is very far away from us.
4) What is gatekeeping?
Through this, information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication. In other words, gatekeepers, decide what information to include and what not to include. They essentially prevent news stories that contain false information or haven't even happened yet to be released.
5) What are the six ways bias can be created in news?
Bias through selection and ommision: Bias can be created in news through the editor's actions. An editor can choose what to put specifically of the story which he may ignore other information's and details which can lead to the viewers having a different opinion on the events of reported.
Bias through placement: Another way bias can be created in news is the placement of the news. The placement of where the story is on the news is thought to place the viewer's mind of what story is more important. The stories in the front is thought to be more important than the stories placed at the back. If a story is in the front of the newspaper, it draws the attention of the readers.
Bias by headline: Bias can also be created through the impact of the headlines. A headline is always bold and in big letters and sometimes, headlines can attract more viewers due to the fact that it might be misleading through "click-baiting". The headline could say that the story is dramatic and infuriating when it really isn't.
Bias by photos, captions, and camera angles: Another way bias can be created in news is through the use of pictures. Pictures can either be good, bad or silly which leads to the viewers having different opinions and perceptions of the whole story.
Bias through use of names and titles: News media often use labels and names to describe a person, events or locations. This can lead to more viewers being lured in to consume it.
Bias by choice of words: The viewers can have different opinions and perceptions on the events and the news through the use of words. They can be positive or negative.
6) How have online sources such as Twitter, bloggers or Wikileaks changed the way news is selected and published?
The reporting of news in the media has changed significantly due to the developments of the New digital media. The social sites such as Twitter isn't regulated as well which leads to citizen journalism taking in hand. Evidence that contain censoring images wouldn't be on traditional media but on social sites, it essentially gives them access to contents that would be censored on traditional media.
7) Give an example of a news story from the last WEEK that was reported as a result of online technology - Twitter, Wikileaks or similar.
The leak of the paradise papers in which celebrities hide their income in order to avoid tax.
8) Complete the task on the last page of the Factsheet regarding Sky News and Twitter:
What does this reveal about how Sky views Twitter as a news source?
The factsheet reveals that the Sky News views Twitter as a social media platform that is important in terms of immediacy as the news break out fast on the platform meaning the consumers consume the news faster and quickly.
What does it say about how news is being produced?
The factsheet clarifies about how news is being produced through the rise of citizen journalism and how it will continue to impact the news importantly in the future. The world of news is developing and the importance of citizen journalism is becoming more favoured.
What role does the audience have in this process?
The role that the audiences have in this process is that they are able to quickly comment on the news stories and they can offer their own viewpoints almost "instantaneously". This essentially shows how the audiences are becoming more important in the news industry which is an evidence of the rise of citizen journalism.
Why might this be a problem for journalistic standards?
This might be a problem for journalistic standards as the rise of citizen journalism almost allows anyone to report on news and the consumers now turn their heads on more of the raw and realistic contents rather than traditional media. The rise of social media platforms also is a problem for journalistic standards as the consumers are given either real or fake news on those platforms which they consume without knowing it could be biased and fake.
Final tasks
9) In your opinion, how has new and digital media technology changed Galtung and Ruge’s news values?
Personally new and digital media technology has slightly changed Galtung and Ruge's news values concerning things like immediacy which now have an importance in news than they might have had in the past, readers will want to get their news as quickly as they can possibly in the same half hour of it happening and new technology has allowed this to take place.
10) How would you update them for 2016? Choose SIX of Galtung and Ruge's news values and say how each one has been affected by the growth of new and digital technology.
Immediacy: In the modern world, the news stories are almost "instantaneously" published once a story has been broken down. The rise of citizen journalism, media and journalism is what makes the news almost so immediate that the general public receive it almost instantaneously.
Unambiguity: Due to the developments in the New digital media, it can be argued that it leads to more unambiguity due to the nature of how the content is generated. Some stories that gain attraction and consumers are not always true and good content.
Surprise: The NDM now makes the news more shocking in terms of how quickly we just receive it. The example of Harvey Weisntein scandal supports it as the general public eventually got the news out of nowhere - it was almost unexpected.
Continuity: Continuity depends on the story being either massive or little. The social media platforms are the platforms that almost keep the massive stories apparent.
Elite nations: content of this type will likely be more prominent to these social media sites due to geographical prominence.
Negativity: Within the news industry, the negativity factor always exist that some of the news that is exposed to the public are not always true.
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